Costing Issues in the Production of Biopharmaceuticals

This article, the third in the "Elements of Biopharmaceutical Production" series, will discuss various tools available to perform the modeling required to understand, develop, and optimize manufacturing processes, facilities, and operations. Anurag S. Rathore discusses incentives and steps during process development. Then four industry experts present their viewpoints, insights, and experience. Peter Latham and Howard Levine describe modeling tools; John Curling discusses problems of early and late scale-up; and Oliver Kaltenbrunner discusses how to modify classical chemical engineering costing to the realities of biopharmaceuticals.